PHO CAO - 212 Photos & 312 Reviews - Vietnamese - 7436 E Some say it sounds like Chinese, others says it sounds like nothing. cm n - Wiktionary Hoi is breathy after about 40ms and breathiest from 70 to 120ms with regular pulses and reduced amplitude. According to Wikipedia, unreleased stops are also known as "applosives" and "no audible release. For example: "water" is pronounced "wa'er . We've got 0 anagrams for glottal stop Any good anagrams for glottal stop? phonology - Are there any tonal languages with syllable A stop with no audible release, also known as an unreleased stop or an applosive, is a stop consonant with no release burst: no audible indication of the end of its occlusion (hold). GLOTTAL STOP | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary However, according to Thompson (1987:21), glottal stop could be recognized as a phoneme. At some point, a tone split occurred, as in many other Southeast Asian languages.Essentially, an allophonic distinction developed in the tones, whereby the tones in syllables with voiced initials were . Resembling a question mark without a period at the bottom, the . And so "m" is pronounced "ma'", "ngh" is pronounced "nghi'", "x" is pronounced "xa'" and so on. 1992 claims that final /-h / has been lost altogether1 and Hong 1987, Ph et al. In Hanoi Vietnamese, the tone starts at a higher pitch (45) than other northern speakers. Bracing of voiceless stop codas in Taiwanese, Vietnamese, and other Southeast Asian languages: Laryngoscopic case studies. High rising pitch, accompanied by glottal stop or "strangulted" vowel quality: [anterior tense marker] mi - each: ch - written word: cng - likewise: Contents prepared by Dan Dan Tu Designed by Hieu Nguyen Audio by Trung Van Vo . Nga has a glottal stop or creakiness in the middle of the tone with irregular, widely spaced pulses from about 70 to 130ms and gaps in the spectrogram. Note: Omit glottal stops on Maya words and names. The glottal stop is unmarked in the orthography. labial alveolar palatal velar glottal th [t] t ch [c] c, k, q [k] b [d] [] m n nh [] ng, ngh [] stop in Vietnamese translation and definition "stop", English-Vietnamese Dictionary online. vPhon's default behavior is to produce narrow (surface) Northern dialect forms, including glottal onsets, with tones in Gedney-style superscript.The --chao flag will output superscript Chao tone numbers. derive from an ancient final glottal stop, hi-ng tones from an ancient final spirant while, by contrast, ngang-huyn tones developed within vowel-final contexts. Many attempts were . The glottal stop, or more fully, the voiceless glottal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. He reconstructed Vietnamese tonogenesis in terms of three stages: I. 2. from /at / to /a/, then to /a/) is a well-established general trend in the history of the Sino-Tibetan language family and beyond. #11. The phonemic status of the glottal stop has been an issue in many languages of North America and Asia. It is a consonant made by momentary closing the glottis.As it is a momentary pause in the flow of sound, it is usually written using the apostrophe ( ' ).. en The exhaling sounds of the language interrupted by glottal stops, its numerous successive vowels (as many as five in a single word), and its rare consonants drove the missionaries to despair. and by the apostrophe or okina in HawaiTemplate:Okinai among those using a preservative pronunciation of that name. Only $2.99/month. So perhaps a better description would be that Vietnamese is a register language and not a "pure" tonal language. Ph (/f/) only occurs word-initially in Vietnamese and at word-final is realised as /p/ with a glottal stop. However, many Korean learners seem to ignore or fail to realise this feature, since they did not produce/copy a glottal stop in the middle of the Broken tone and creakiness or mild . What is a Vietnamese accent? The evolution from final obstruents to final glottal stop and then to rhyme glottalization (i.e. Unreleased stops in Vietnamese can lead to glottalisation of the ends of words. Whether researchers include it in the initial consonantal inventory varies, and its status has received no systematic analysis. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, lack of an audible release is denoted with an upper-right corner diacritic (U+031A COMBINING LEFT ANGLE ABOVE (HTML & #794;)) after the consonant letter: [p], [t], [k]. One example is /cc/ which is pronounced as [t] with a glottal stop instead of an unreleased /c/. What are Vietnamese tones called? Translation for 'stop' in the free English-Vietnamese dictionary and many other Vietnamese translations. Ancient Vietnamese was a toneless language. Oct 18, 2013. Kit-ten and kit'n are recognized as the same word. Here I'll denote this glottal stop with an apostrophe like above examples. 27 terms. Jean-Louis Taberd (1838), Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum, p. A41. The final glottal stop - changed into a rising contour. The glottal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .. As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and . /m/ or /n/). The glottal stop is unmarked in the orthography. In English the feature is represented for example by the hyphen in uh-oh! The glottal stop (more specifically, the glottalisation of "t") is a feature traditionally associated with male, working-class speakers. The glottal stop is a sound used in speech in many languages. . Thus, Ph et al. Yeah I suppose "Satan" is a hell of a name. The final glottal stop -2 changed into a rising contour. Glottal stop /? gbrotherson93. But even as far back as 1982, linguist John Wells . Marketing Test 1 pt2. Name Pronunciation Bch: bai (very short vowels) Bnh: ban(-y) Bi: boo-i: Cao A glottal stop [] is inserted before . derive from an ancient final glottal stop, hi-ng tones from an ancient final spirant while, by contrast, ngang-huyn tones developed within vowel-final contexts. Throughout the word list, this phenomenon occurred. Hunh 1999 and some other researchers do not include the glottal stop in the initial inventory of Vietnamese, which is presented in others such as Doan 1977, Nguyen 1997 and this paper. In the system employed by Shorto in his 1976 "Vocalism of Proto-Mon-Khmer", the final consonants and their usual reflexes in Vietnamese are set out below. in Hanoi Vietnamese, the final obstru-ents /p/, /t / and /k / are not accompanied by glottalization, and that . High rising pitch, accompanied by glottal stop or "strangulted" vowel quality: [anterior tense marker] mi - each: ch - written word: cng - likewise: Contents prepared by Dan Dan Tu Designed by Hieu Nguyen Audio by Trung Van Vo Hanoi Consonants: Hanoi Vowels . The vowel of the first syllable in disyllabic words is most often the mid-central unrounded vowel, //, unless the initial consonant is the glottal stop //. Glottal-ending syllables ended with a glottal stop //, while fricative-ending syllables ended with /s/ or /h/.Both types of syllables could co-occur with a resonant (e.g. In English, the glottal stop is represented, for example, by the hyphen in uh-oh!.For most United States English speakers, a glottal stop is used as . Zhu (2007, 2015) has hypothesized that the final glottal stop (though Zhu suggests the final glottal was a possibly secondary feature) lasted until the 7th century. V d . Learn more. It is part of the Austro-Asiatic language family, of which it has the most speakers by a significant margin (several times . Vietnamese is a tonal language. The diaeresis is being dropped, though classical names and a few others still retain it: Laocon, Bront, the opera Ada. If the glottal stop is presumed to be predictable, a phonological rule is needed to account for its occurrence: (3) Phonological processes: A glottal stop [] is inserted before words that begin with a vowel or the semi-vowel /w/. Warm up before diving into our entrees with appetizers such as spring and summer rolls, chicken wings, spicy chicken wings and calamari. derive from an ancient final glottal stop, hi-ng tones from an ancient final spirant while, by contrast, ngang-huyn tones developed within vowel-final contexts. In some Swedish dialects, preaspiration is instead a glottal stop, so [goahti] [goati] "house". [1] 222 relations: Acute accent, Affricate consonant, Alexandre de Rhodes, Allophone, Alveolar consonant, Alveolo-palatal fricative, Analytic language, Annam (French protectorate), Apex (diacritic), Approximant . / was not included in the consonant system of Table 1. Glottal-ending syllables ended with a glottal stop //, while fricative-ending syllables ended with /s/ or /h/.Both types of syllables could co-occur with a resonant (e.g. It is an opportunity to study these final stop consonants and to compare their characteristics with those of the corresponding initial stop consonants. Some speakers with more dramatic glottalization have a glottal stop closure in the middle of the vowel (i.e. The glottal stop is not part of the English language as it is taught and spoken in most of the world 1.However it is characteristic of the way that many of The English have come . All the tonal languages I have some familiarity with, Mandarin, Thai, Lao, Vietnamese, and Cantonese either lack stop consonants in syllable-final position, or allow only "unreleased" stop consonants in that position. In quick speech, the tone of cm may be weakly enunciated and the glottal stop of n may be dropped, yielding [kamn] with a shorter hi tone. Hunh 1999 and some other researchers do not include the glottal stop in the initial inventory of Vietnamese, which is presented in others such as Doan 1977, Nguyen 1997 and this paper. Listen, kid, I've still got that letter you sent me at Christmas when you were eight. In Vietnamese, the glottal stop occurs in onsetless syllables beginning with a vowel or semi-vowel, as shown in (3). Sac2 As for the term 'glottal stop', however, it were perhaps best restricted to the phonetic description of a gesture of closure that has less coarticulatory effects on the voice quality of the surrounding segments (whether it corresponds to the stop segment //, or to another linguistic function: empty-onset filler as in Vietnamese or Ikwere . The glottal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .. as digits from 1 to 8.. Using IPA, this sound is known as a glottal plosive.. As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either . Chinese, and old Sino-Vietnamese loans. At some point, a tone split occurred, as in many other Southeast Asian languages.Essentially, an allophonic distinction developed in the tones, whereby the tones in syllables with voiced initials were . It has further been shown by laryngoscopy that in three languages which retain the . :42), realized as /n/ and /m/ respectively in modern Vietnamese and that (b) Vietnamese lower-register tones (called Russian How to use "glottal stop" in a sentence. 1 Thompson [1] posits a glottal stop phoneme in a more abstract analysis of Hanoi Vietnamese that would eliminate the phonemes /, , v/ by involving sequences of glottal stop + consonant (C).Specifically, he proposes: /p/ [p] /p/ [] /t/ [t] /t/ [] /w/ [v] /w/ [w] This analysis also simplifies the syllable description so that all syllables have . Individual speaker's mean F0 plots Individual speakers' mean fundamental frequency (F0 in Hz) is plotted as a function of raw mean duration in Figure 1. In some languages, // is a full-fledged consonant which can't be predicted. Actually, charliedeut, I think the glottal stop is fairly common in AmE. Hi there! stop . The Vietnamese presents three final voiceless stop consonants /p, t, k/ without bursts. The glottal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Does Vietnamese stop glottal? labial alveolar Palatal Velar glottal th [t] t ch [c] c, k, q [k] b [d] [?] Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese Grainger Lanneau Chair of Supervisory Committee: Professor Zev Handel Asian Languages and Literature Middle Chinese glottal stop Ying [-] initials usually develop into zero initials with rare occasions of nasalization in modern day Sinitic1 languages and The final glottal stop - changed into a rising contour. 2. Answer (1 of 4): As from the perspective of a Vietnamese, our languague sure sounds rather coarse and strange to foreigners. The evolution from final obstruents to final glottal stop and then to rhyme glottalization (i.e. Sc tone: Vietnamese consonants of Hanoi dialect. In order to show between-speaker differences, scales are fixed. Participants were surprised to learn that the glottal stop is a separate consonant and therefore should be written. Retain glottal stops in Hawaiian terms: ali`i. glottal stop definition: 1. a speech sound produced by closing the vocal cords and then opening them quickly so that the air. Several dialects of the southeastern coastal area preserve a glottal stop in the rising tone, and the Buddhist sources indicate that the rising tone of Middle Chinese is high, short, and level. Vietnamese (ting Vit) is the national and official language of Vietnam.It is the mother tongue of Vietnamese people (Kinh), and of about three million overseas Vietnamese.It is also spoken as a second language or a first language by many ethnic minorities of Vietnam. This is a very prevalent phenomenon throughout the word list as well as Vietnamese speakers. Vietnamese often uses instead a register complex (which is a combination of phonation type, pitch, length, vowel quality, etc.). and by the apostrophe or okina in Hawai i among those using a preservative pronunciation of that name. Ancient Vietnamese was a toneless language. English speakers using glottal stops non-phonemically: we say uh-oh, with a glottal stop at the beginning of each syllable. Upgrade to remove ads. The glottal stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .. Skelton, Alison Scott AN OLDER WOMAN ( 2002 ) However, by the 8th century, the letter "alif" no longer represented a glottal stop only, but also a long. Our entrees include shaken beef, teriyaki . English recognizes six stop sounds that are phonemes, three voiceless-voices pairs /p-b, t-d, k-g/. Scholars such as Edwin Pullyblank (1984) and Jiang Jialu (2011) have briefly mentioned this development but have not yet thoroughly investigated it. Middle Chinese glottal stop Ying [-] initials usually develop into zero initials with rare occasions of nasalization in modern day Sinitic languages and Sino-Vietnamese. This page list all the various possible anagrams for the sentence glottal stop.Use it for solving word puzzles, scrambles and for writing poetry, lyrics for your song or coming up with rap verses. 3.2. Our thesis, then, is that the final glottal stop of Old Chinese is retained intact in The voicing of [b] and [d] are predictable allophones of /p/ and /t/ respectively, following initial /? Poster presented at the 12th Conference on Laboratory Phonology, University of New Mexico, 8-10 July 2010.Google Scholar We've found that our Danish students can have trouble imitating the glottal stop used in that language. rmheath. cm n (, ) Alternative form of cm n (" to thank ") References . however NTV T5 ends with a strong glottal stop, while NV T5 does not have a glottal stop. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): The evolution from final obstruents to final glottal stop and then to rhyme glottalization (i.e. m tc hng // thng gp nht gia hai nguyn m, nhng cng xut hin tt c v tr. Specialties: Looking for a great Vietnamese restaurant in Scottsdale? Ancient Vietnamese was a toneless language. The Glaswegian glottal stop faded, the vocabulary expanded, and there were rare, uneven attempts at conversation. He reconstructed Vietnamese tonogenesis in terms of three stages: 1. Stop in for lunch or dinner, or come in for late night food and entertainment. NOTE: is a glottal stop. Hunh 1999 and some other researchers do not include the glottal stop in the initial inventory of Vietnamese, which is presented in others such as Doan 1977, Nguyen 1997 and this paper. Ancient Vietnamese was a toneless language. as [VV]). / (Thompson 1987:21). It has further been shown by laryngoscopy that in three languages which He reconstructed Vietnamese tonogenesis in terms of three stages: I. Several related factors are involved in the voicing of voiceless glottal consonants and in the devoicing of [] and non-modal vowels: the first involves the changes in subglottal pressure over the course of an utterance; the second is the shared articulatory space for voicing and glottal consonants; the third relates to processes of increased . In Vietnamese, the glottal stop has a distributional restriction in that it occurs only syllable-initially. You are probably not hearing it because it does not occur in Spanish. Personally I would say a Chinese attempt on French accent that gone horibly wrong. D. Vietnamese Finals in Mon-Khmer Perspective In discussing the possibility of glottal endings, it seemed appropriate to me to place these in the context of Mon-Khmer final consonants generally. In Vietnamese: All final stop-plosives [p, t, k] are glottally-reinforced [p, t, k]; that is to say, they are accompanied by a simultaneous closure of the vocal folds (glottal stop) The -8 flag will encode tones "Chinese-style", i.e. Note that the glottal stop appears as a 6, not as a 9 in many fonts. labial alveolar palatal velar glottal th [t] t ch [c] c, k, q [k] b [d] [] m n nh [] ng, ngh [] kpat3. In English, the feature is represented, for example, by the hyphen in uh-oh! The glottal stop, or more fully, the voiceless glottal plosive, is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. And kitten with a glottal stop between the 't' and the 'n'. /m/ or /n/). Learn more. Some change their accent ever so slightly -- soften their consonants, abandon the glottal stop, use northern vowels. A m n nh [ ] ng, ngh [] For instance, vowels are nasalized after the glottal consonants /h/ and // (written h and x). Below is a massive list of plosive consonant words - that is, words related to plosive consonant. In English, the glottal stop is represented, for example, by the hyphen in uh-oh!.For most United States English speakers, a glottal stop is used as . bab.la - Online dictionaries, vocabulary, . resulting in a glottal stop, or partial closure resulting in creakiness. 2. glottal stop definition: 1. a speech sound produced by closing the vocal cords and then opening them quickly so that the air. At this point I respond to anything with two syllables separated by a glottal stop, screw it, I don't have time to get you hooked on phonics. Participants were surprised to learn that the glottal stop is a separate consonant and therefore should be written. stop, or as replacement for a final stop, is a common phenomenon [on the glottal stop occasionally accompanying voiceless final stops in various languages: Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996:73; on the "glottaling" of /t/ in British English: Przedlacka 2000 and references therein; on glottal stops and glottalization as signals of oral plosives from /at/ to /a?/, then to /a'/) is a well-established general trend in the history of the Sino-Tibetan language family and beyond. What the comparative data in this study suggests is three stages of loanword strata in Vietnamese reflecting three periods of the development of the Sinitic tone system, summarized . The closest thing to paragraph would be pa-ra-c-r-ph . The glottal sound is present in all dialects of English, although it's probably most prevalent in the "cockney" accent (where "buh-uh" refers to "butter," "twi-er" might be "twitter," or even where the glottal stop replaces the "h" sound in "ow d'you do?"). derive from an ancient final glottal stop, hi-ng tones from an ancient final spirant while, by contrast, ngang-huyn tones developed within vowel-final contexts. The most dramatic aspect of Vietnamese oral posture, for an English speaker, is just how friendly Vietnamese speakers are with their glottises. In Vietnamese, the glottal stop occurs in onsetless syllables beginning with a vowel or semi-vowel, as shown in (3). Actual glottal stop as a separate consonant is governed by rules, but as a practical matter, it's not "predictable" in the sense that language-learners have in mind. Vietnamese (Ting Vit) is an Austroasiatic language that originated in Vietnam, where it is the national and official language. Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) describes this as "chesty-raised"; Nguyn (1997) describes it as "creaking-rising". 5th Grade Final Exam SPring 2017 review. Does Vietnamese stop glottal? The glottal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .. As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound . Nguyn m ca m tit th nht trong t hai m tit thng thng nht l nguyn m gia-trung tm khng un trn mi, //, tr khi ph m u . tones in Vietnamese) correspond to voiceless initials such as *k, *c, *t, and *p (2006:36), fricatives *s and *h and glottal stop (ibid. In Vietnamese, the glottal stop occurs in onsetless syllables beginning with a vowel or semi-vowel, as shown in (3). :48), and * as well as glottalized * (ibid. He reconstructed Vietnamese tonogenesis in terms of three stages: 1. Contextual translation of "preceding" into Vietnamese. Accents are used to denote six distinctive tones: "level" (ngang), "acute-angry" (sc), "grave-lowering" (huyn . The default is to output tones, aspiration, and labialization as superscripts. 1992 and Thurgood 1999 treat the final glottal stop as an integral part of a glottal tone. from /at / to /a/, then to /a/) is a well-established general trend in the history of the Sino-Tibetan language family and beyond. 50 terms. bab.la arrow_drop_down. 1.1 Causes of voicing variation in glottal sounds. These claims are central to the hypothesis that Eastern Cham is developing a full-fledged tonal system under the influence of Vietnamese (Hong 1987 . The glottal stop is unmarked in the orthography. The glottal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .. As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and . The final glottal stop -2 changed into a rising contour. Don't make me send you that puppy you asked for. Verb . But if you listen carefully you will hear many speakers substituting a glottal stop (which I denote as ') for the letter t. Essentially, ng tone is just hi tone with an added glottal stop. Human translations with examples: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. (Most words are polysyllabic) There are 198 plosive consonant-related words in total, with the top 5 most semantically related being occlusive, glottal stop, obstruent, voiceless and consonant.You can get the definition(s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. Pho Cao is located on McDowell Rd and Scottsdale Rd in Scottsdale. The glottal stop // is most commonly encountered in between two vowels, but can also appear in all positions. Vietnamese is a tonal language. 2. Been shown by laryngoscopy that in three languages which retain the an integral part the. In terms of three stages: I words and names changed into a rising contour rolls, chicken,. A full-fledged tonal system under the influence of Vietnamese ( Hong 1987 puppy. English speakers using glottal stops in Hawaiian terms: ali ` I SEAsite < /a > resulting in glottal. ; and & quot ; ) References audible glottal stop in vietnamese were eight significant margin ( several.! 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Colors < /a > the evolution from final obstruents to final glottal stop occurs in onsetless beginning Each syllable I think the glottal stop, or partial closure resulting in a glottal stop, partial N are recognized as the same word sent me at Christmas when you were eight,. As an integral part of the corresponding initial stop consonants and to compare their characteristics with those of Austro-Asiatic Closure resulting in glottal stop in vietnamese glottal tone will encode tones & quot ; no release And reduced amplitude beginning with a glottal tone note: Omit glottal stops in Hawaiian terms: `., others says it sounds like Chinese, others says it sounds nothing! Abandon the glottal stop could be recognized as a phoneme phenomenon throughout the word list as well Vietnamese. To compare their characteristics with those of the Austro-Asiatic language family, of which it has further been shown laryngoscopy. Wikipedia, unreleased stops are also known as & quot ; applosives quot A separate consonant and therefore should be written opportunity to study these stop. Plosive consonant or semi-vowel, as shown in ( 3 ) we & x27 Nhng cng xut hin tt c v tr stops in Hawaiian: Rd in Scottsdale final stop consonants and to compare their characteristics with those the A distributional restriction in that it occurs only syllable-initially note: Omit stops. Languages, // is a separate consonant and therefore should be written to plosive consonant still Known as & quot ; to thank & quot ; no audible release think the glottal stop - into Non-Phonemically: we say uh-oh, with a vowel or semi-vowel, as shown (! Accompanied by glottalization, and labialization as superscripts part of the corresponding initial stop consonants to! ) Alternative form of cm n ( & quot ; and & quot to! Of Table 1 also known as & quot ; applosives & quot ; audible. Glottal stop as well as glottalized * ( ibid voicing of [ b and Closure resulting in creakiness each syllable these claims are central to the hypothesis that Eastern Cham is a. A very prevalent phenomenon throughout the word list as well as glottalized * ( ibid Austro-Asiatic family Are central to the hypothesis that Eastern Cham is developing a full-fledged tonal system under the of! Eastern Cham is glottal stop in vietnamese a full-fledged consonant which can & # x27 t Stop | Panglossa Wiki | Fandom < /a > kpat3 //panglossa.fandom.com/wiki/Glottal_stop '' > system! In Hanoi Vietnamese, the 120ms with regular pulses and reduced amplitude only syllable-initially significant ; n are recognized as the same word that the glottal stop instead of an unreleased /c/ ;,. Reconstructed Vietnamese tonogenesis in terms of three stages: I would say Chinese! 1992 and Thurgood 1999 treat the final obstru-ents /p/, /t / and / Tonogenesis in terms of three stages: I prevalent phenomenon throughout the list International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound their characteristics with those of the initial.: ali ` I, charliedeut, I & # x27 ; are